Month: November 2019

What are the Different Types of Intermolecular Forces?

Intermolecular forces are attractive or repulsive forces that arise between two different molecules due to the action of positively charged entities (the protons) and negatively charged entities (the electrons). Atoms consist of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons. However, the interaction with a charged species may change the manner in which the electron cloud surrounds the nucleus (the electron density may shift towards a specific region). These shifts in electron densities in the electron cloud result in several attractive and repulsive forces, which are commonly known as Van der Waal’s forces. Some important types of intermolecular interactions are listed below.

Interactions between two dipoles (dipole-dipole interactions)

Here, two polar molecules attract or repel each other based on the charges held by them. These permanent dipoles may arise in the respective molecules as a result of the differences in the electro negativities of the bound atoms.

Interactions between an ion and a dipole (ion-dipole interactions)

Here, a charged species (commonly referred to as an ion) interacts with a polar molecule featuring a dipole. Based on the charge on the ion, one end of the dipole is attracted to it and the other is repelled.

The formation of an induced dipole due to the presence of an ion (ion-induced dipole interactions): Here, the presence of a charged ion causes a shift in the electron density of an adjacent, neutral molecule. This results in the formation of a dipole in the neutral molecule, which is now called an induced dipole.

Formation of a dipole due to the presence of a dipole (dipole-induced dipole interactions)

Here, a dipole causes a shift in the electron density of an adjacent neutral molecule, resulting in the formation of an induced dipole. Now, attractive forces arise between the dipole and the induced dipole.

London Dispersion Forces

The relatively high boiling points of certain non-polar molecules such as hexane, bromine, and benzene that enables them to remain liquid at room temperatures can be accounted for by London dispersion forces. These forces also account for substances such as naphthalene and iodine maintaining a solid-state at room temperatures. London dispersion forces are intermolecular forces that arise in nonpolar molecules that were first discovered by the German physicist Fritz London. These forces arise due to temporary fluctuations in the distribution of electrons around the nucleus. A temporary increase in the density of electrons in the electron cloud on one side of the atomic nucleus can result in the formation of an instantaneous dipole. When this instantaneous dipole interacts with an adjacent neutral molecule, the interaction results in the formation of an induced dipole and, by extension, an instantaneous dipole moment.  It is important to note that London dispersion forces are highly dependent on the distance between the nuclei of the neighbouring atoms and they quickly vanish when the interatomic distance increases.

Thus, the important types of intermolecular forces are briefly discussed in this article. To learn about other interesting concepts in chemistry, such as the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction, subscribe to the BYJU’S YouTube channel and enable notifications.

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The Reggio-Emilia Nursery Classroom and Its Benefits

Reggio-Emilia is a popular educational philosophy that guides the teaching of many schools and nurseries around the globe. It was born and developed around 60 years ago in the village of Reggio-Emilia, Italy by pioneering teacher Loris Malaguzzi. Aware of dissatisfaction among parents with mainstream childcare and education, he sought to provide a different style of teaching and learning.

The innovative principles that guided teaching in his first school are still used today. You’ll find Reggio-Emilia-inspired nursery schools all over the world, often thought of as the best nursery schools in their area. Here, we look at what makes Reggio-Emilia nursery classrooms special and how they benefit their students.

What are the principles of Reggio-Emilia?

The design of a Reggio-Emilia classroom is guided by the main principles of this educational philosophy. They are:

●      Child-led learning

Reggio-Emilia believes all children are naturally curious and should follow their own interests in their classroom learning. This means that children direct their own learning with the encouragement and support of the class teacher. By independently exploring the classroom environment, children make discoveries and increase their understanding of the world.

A child will be encouraged to immerse themselves in their learning and explore an interest fully: to research it, to understand it, to reflect on what they have learned and to create something inspired by it. They may produce artwork, writing or other media to demonstrate what they have learned. This way, children are developing the crucial critical thinking skills they’ll need throughout their lives.

●      Teachers as observers, supporters and curators

The role of the teacher in the Reggio-Emilia nursery classroom is principally to support, encourage and observe their students in their learning. However, to ensure children are inspired by their surroundings, the teacher’s role as curator of the classroom is also absolutely vital.

Teachers must provide a stimulating environment that sparks children’s interests in a variety of subjects and inspires them to ask questions and get creative.

Here’s how they set up their Reggio-Emilia classroom to do just this.

The Reggio-Emilia Classroombest nursery schools

In the Reggio-Emilia approach, the classroom is absolutely central to the philosophy. In fact, the classroom is consistently viewed as the third teacher (after the child’s parents and class teacher). Just like the human teachers, the Reggio-Emilia classroom should inspire, encourage and guide but not dictate.

These are the ideas that guide Reggio-Emilia teachers when they design their classroom set up:

●      Home from home

The nursery room needs to fulfill the following criteria: bright and airy, with lots of space. A Reggio-Emilia classroom should feel relaxed and calm, like a home away from home, so lots of natural light and room to move are essential in achieving this.

An overcrowded classroom can be noisy and overstimulating, so Reggio-Emilia teachers take care that their classrooms are tidy and uncluttered. This allows children to think freely and clearly and access the materials they need easily.

●      A beautiful space

Reggio-Emilia nursery classrooms are never sterile. While they should be well-organized with easily accessible spaces for a variety of work and play, they should also be warm and inviting. Aesthetics are important as they help stimulate classroom creativity and put children at ease. So, comforting, homely touches such as indoor plants and thoughtfully displayed artwork are essential.

The outdoor classroom should also be inviting and encourage children to connect with nature. There will be carefully thought-out landscaping using natural materials that encourage children to use and explore the whole space. There will be a range of plants, too: flowers and herbs for color and scent, for example. Art and creativity are not limited to the indoors, so materials and objects that inspire and allow children to create should be outdoors as well.

●      Carefully curated objects

A Reggio-Emilia teacher gives very careful thought to the range of objects available for use in the classroom. The key question they would ask is, “Can this item inspire creative, open-ended play?” For this reason, the item should be simple, so that the child can choose any number of creative ways to use it . It should also be inviting and appealing to the child.best nursery schools

Collections of natural objects like seashells, pine cones, smooth pebbles are frequently used in the Reggio-Emilia classroom because they are pretty and highly tactile. They are so inviting that children can’t resist picking them up. They’ll then begin, for example, sorting and organizing, counting, using them for imaginative play, or as part of artwork.

Everyday household items are also central to the Reggio-Emilia classroom. These include things like cotton reels, clothes pegs, and wooden spoons. Playing with these items can help improve gross and fine motor skills, as well as inspiring imaginative play and storytelling.

●      Well-organized writing and art materials

In a Reggio-Emilia classroom, writing and art materials are never hidden away in a cupboard. Instead, they should be well-organized and invitingly arranged so that children can easily find what they need and are encouraged to use these items without reservation. Therefore, the arrangement of these materials should be attractive to a child’s eye and within easy reach for them.

The test of a well-arranged Reggio-Emilia nursery classroom is whether children are enjoying their environment, immersed in their learning and able to work independently. If they are, then they are in a classroom that is instilling a love for learning and nurturing the questioning and critical thinking skills they’ll need for life.

AUTHOR BIO

Ayesha Hoda is a marketing and communications specialist working at Step By Step Nursery Group in the UAE. She holds an MBA degree from a leading business school in Pakistan and has more than 13 years of experience in corporate communications and journalism. She has worked in both agency and client-side roles, designing communication strategies for multinational clients, nonprofits and small businesses in various industries, such as education and healthcare.

Here’s 8 Superb Ways To Transition into an HR Career

The human resource field is more than just being people-person.

With little to no formal education or work experience, working your way up in the HR field can be a strenuous job.

With technology and innovation on the rise, the human resources field is no exception from undergoing a paradigm shift.

In the next decade, the field of human resources is expected to grow at breakneck speed, faster than the average growth. No wonder people are now considering to get into human resources. With job roles, such as corporate recruiter, HR manager, director of talent management, and HR leaders many professionals are keen on developing HR careers.

Over the past decades, there has been a tremendous progressive movement redefining the value of HR professionals today.

An exciting new career in human resources could be within your reach today. We’ve come up with the best ways to break into an HR career.

  1. Make use of your contacts and network

Simply said, human resource is a profession for people who can develop a good network. Seek out professionals who will be able to provide you information and insights about their organization.

  1. Earn an education

A degree in human resources always helps, but it is not mandatory. A bit of skill development and work experience will still convince the employer about the candidate’s ability to performing a task. With online education providers, you may easily take up classes and grab a job even without a degree.

  1. Use professional certification programs to further your career

If you’re in this field from before, you’ll know why HR certification is highly valued by employers in the present scenario. Job hunting is tough with employers looking for updated skills. Although you may be able to land a job in the HR field without certification, a certified HR professional will undoubtedly give you an edge over others in this hypercompetitive market.

Learning the importance of getting certified is one thing, and finding the right certification is another.

If you delve deeper you will come across professional certification for HR professionals offered by some of the world’s greatest certification bodies. To name a few include names such as Talent Management Institute (TMI), The Association for Talent Development (ATD), and The HR Certification Institute (HRCI).

  1. You may start as a recruiter

Several companies have people who are great with recruitment. These jobs may be easy to grab even without a degree since they’ll be handling lesser legal issues as compared to the core HR function. These strategies will still be effective for someone not belonging to the HR field but are seeking newer job opportunities. Having the right network will help the candidate find a job anywhere.

  1. Certain organizations promote within their network

Professionals who’re already working and looking for ways to get into human resources should give preference to their organization. It is an added advantage for the candidate since they have enough knowledge about the company, its culture, and the company’s goals. The only requirement from the candidate would be upskilling and upgrading old skills and transition them into newer skills.

  1. Consider getting into a small company

Many companies prefer hiring candidates who’re willing to wear many hats. The candidate should be willing to work with payroll, bookkeeping, and accounting, etc. Candidates with multiple skills in the HR domain are liable to have a well-rounded experience along with credibility.

  1. Learning the lingo

The human resource field can be confusing. This will help you find the right opportunity and job role you’re interested to get into. Many job roles may include a technical slant in it where the candidate will be required to maintain HR systems. The reason why you need to be very specific with the kind of job you’re getting into.

Average GRE scores for top MBA programs at business schools

There is a common question asked by applicants whether they should opt for GMAT or GRE. The answer is very common that it depends on whether a student wants to get enrolled in an MBA programme or MS. If you are thinking of pursuing an MBA degree it is better to take the GMAT score. But if you have already taken up GRE and need to know the comparison of your GRE scores, with average scores of GRE from top business schools, the list is here having average GRE scoreboard having a list of major MBA programs in topmost business schools.

It is necessary to have GRE to GMAT convertor system through which you can compare the numbers neck to neck.

Average GRE results of topmost business schools

Harvard Business School has an average GRE score of 328 and verbal GRE scores of 163.

Stanford Business School has an average GRE score of 330 and verbal GRE scores of 165.

Wharton Business School has an average GRE score of 325 and verbal GRE scores of 163.

Yale Business School has an average GRE score of 328 and verbal GRE scores of 165.

Darmouth Business School has an average GRE score of 324 and verbal GRE scores of 163.

Duke Business School has an average GRE score of 319 and verbal GRE scores of 160.

Virginia Business School has average GRE score of 328 and verbal GRE scores of 164.

Why are GRE results important?

Proper GRE results that help you to get accepted within the graduate degree programme of your choice of subject. With this, you can score well in GRE. It always depends on the program of study and the field as well. Good GRE scores are necessary for graduate degrees in various education programs, various programs in engineering, psychology programs and also in MBA studies. There are lots of business schools that accept GRE results in place of GMAT results.

The major portion of GRE is verbal as well as a quantitative aptitude test. Do get the bestGRE resultsin the vocabulary you need to know words and sentences for which reading and writing comprehensions and passages is necessary. The more you know new words and can frame sentences with it, the more range of vocabulary you possess which will benefit you while the GRE vocabulary exam thus leading you to score well here.

Why is it necessary to have an average GRE score?

It is important to know that verbal GRE and Quantitative sections in GRE need to have scores between 140 to 170, where the average score is between 150 to 160 approximately. The analytical writing section is equally important too and needs you to have a score between zero to six,including some half points as increments. The average hits will be around 4.5. with these average GRE score; you get the opportunity to compete with the majority of students coming from various corners of the globe.

GRE is not at all an easy task to perform. For this, at least to score average, you need to have a lot of study materials at hand and revise them regularly even if when you are relaxing or sipping your coffee. The qualitative and quantitative tests are used to determine your IQ levels and though the questions seem to appear easy, they have twist in the tale.

Visit libraries and indulge yourself in lot of vocabs to get a good hold on your knowledge whether it is general knowledge or subject studying. If you have work experience, you might have some practical knowledge too but then, you need to have book knowledge to know the exact theories of studies to have best GRE results.